American Radical Movements
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  • New Negroes
    • Chapter 1: The Great Debate
    • Chapter 2: African-Americans in the Era of The Great War
    • Chapter 3: Hubert H. Harrison, the Father of Harlem Radicalism
    • Chapter 4: The Descent of DuBois
    • Chapter 5: The Great War, Black Radicalism and the Launching of The Messenger
    • Chapter 6: The MESSENGER'S Philosophy of Interracial Socialism
    • Chapter 7: The MESSENGER Challenges Afro-American Values and Institutions
    • Chapter 8: Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association
    • Chapter 9: The Great Divide: The Break Between the Afro-American Socialists and Nationalists
    • Chapter 10: Garvey's Rightward Lurch
    • Chapter 11: Cyril Briggs, THE CRUSADER, and The African Blood Brotherhood
    • Chapter 12: Garvey and the Black Radicals
    • Chapter 13: Du Bois, Garvey, and the Radicals
    • Chapter 14: A Tactical Retreat: Randolph and The Messenger in the Mid-1920's
    • Chapter 15: The Failure of a Dream: Claude McKay and the White Radicals
    • Chapter 16: The Radicals Confront the Jazz Age: Conservatives, Radicals, and the Harlem Renaissance
    • Chapter 17: The Legacy and Failure of the Black Radicals
  • Margaret Anderson
  • Emma Goldman
    • Introduction
    • Chapter 1
    • Chapter 2
    • Chapter 3
    • Conclusion
  • IWW
    • Part 1
    • Part 2
  • Max Eastman
    • 1. Max Eastman's Life Project
    • 2. Eastman as a Social Revolutionary
    • 3. Literature, Art, and Revolution
    • 4. Cultural Revolution
    • 5. Problems of the Counterculture
    • 6. Eastman and the Middle Class
    • 7. The Masses and the Great War
    • 8. Eastman, The Liberator, and the War
    • 9. Eastman and the Bolshevik Revolution
    • 10. Towards an American Revolution
    • 11. Intelligentsia and Revolution
    • 12. Feminism and Racial Egalitarianism in an Age of Upheaval
    • 13. Important Addition
  • The New Women
    • 1. THE CONDTION OF AMERICAN WOMEN IN 1907
    • 2. THE FEMINIST-SOCIALIST PROJECT
    • 3. A SPECIAL APPEAL TO WOMEN
    • 4. WHY WOMEN SHOULD BE SOCIALISTS
    • 5. WHY MALE SOCIALISTS SHOULD BE FEMINISTS
    • 6. THE SOCIALIST WOMEN'S ATTACK ON TRADITIONAL VALUES: RELIGION, PATRIOTISM, CAPITALIST DEMOCRACY, AND POPULAR CULTURE
    • 7. THE SOCIALIST WOMEN'S ATTACK ON TRADITIONAL VALUES: MARRIAGE, FAMILY, AND THE HOME
    • 8. THE SOCIALIST WOMEN AND THE SEX STRUGGLE
    • 9. CULTURAL REVOLUTION WITHIN THE SOCIALIST PARTY
    • 10. PORTENT OF DISASTER: THE SOCIALIST WOMAN AND SPECIAL PROTECTIVE LEGISLATION
    • 11. THE ACHIEVEMENTS AND FAILURES OF THE SOCIALIST WOMEN
    • 12. CRYSTAL EASTMAN AND THE DIVORCE OF SOCIALISM AND FEMINISM
    • 13. KATE RICHARDS O'HARE AS A SOCIALIST-FEMINIST
    • 14. O'HARE AS ANTI-WAR ACTIVIST AND POLITICAL PRISONER
    • 15. SOCIALISM AND GENDER INEQUALITY IN ONE COMMUNITY: O'HARE, LLANO COMMUNITY, AND THE END OF SOCIALIST FEMINISM
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  • Home
  • New Negroes
    • Chapter 1: The Great Debate
    • Chapter 2: African-Americans in the Era of The Great War
    • Chapter 3: Hubert H. Harrison, the Father of Harlem Radicalism
    • Chapter 4: The Descent of DuBois
    • Chapter 5: The Great War, Black Radicalism and the Launching of The Messenger
    • Chapter 6: The MESSENGER'S Philosophy of Interracial Socialism
    • Chapter 7: The MESSENGER Challenges Afro-American Values and Institutions
    • Chapter 8: Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association
    • Chapter 9: The Great Divide: The Break Between the Afro-American Socialists and Nationalists
    • Chapter 10: Garvey's Rightward Lurch
    • Chapter 11: Cyril Briggs, THE CRUSADER, and The African Blood Brotherhood
    • Chapter 12: Garvey and the Black Radicals
    • Chapter 13: Du Bois, Garvey, and the Radicals
    • Chapter 14: A Tactical Retreat: Randolph and The Messenger in the Mid-1920's
    • Chapter 15: The Failure of a Dream: Claude McKay and the White Radicals
    • Chapter 16: The Radicals Confront the Jazz Age: Conservatives, Radicals, and the Harlem Renaissance
    • Chapter 17: The Legacy and Failure of the Black Radicals
  • Margaret Anderson
  • Emma Goldman
    • Introduction
    • Chapter 1
    • Chapter 2
    • Chapter 3
    • Conclusion
  • IWW
    • Part 1
    • Part 2
  • Max Eastman
    • 1. Max Eastman's Life Project
    • 2. Eastman as a Social Revolutionary
    • 3. Literature, Art, and Revolution
    • 4. Cultural Revolution
    • 5. Problems of the Counterculture
    • 6. Eastman and the Middle Class
    • 7. The Masses and the Great War
    • 8. Eastman, The Liberator, and the War
    • 9. Eastman and the Bolshevik Revolution
    • 10. Towards an American Revolution
    • 11. Intelligentsia and Revolution
    • 12. Feminism and Racial Egalitarianism in an Age of Upheaval
    • 13. Important Addition
  • The New Women
    • 1. THE CONDTION OF AMERICAN WOMEN IN 1907
    • 2. THE FEMINIST-SOCIALIST PROJECT
    • 3. A SPECIAL APPEAL TO WOMEN
    • 4. WHY WOMEN SHOULD BE SOCIALISTS
    • 5. WHY MALE SOCIALISTS SHOULD BE FEMINISTS
    • 6. THE SOCIALIST WOMEN'S ATTACK ON TRADITIONAL VALUES: RELIGION, PATRIOTISM, CAPITALIST DEMOCRACY, AND POPULAR CULTURE
    • 7. THE SOCIALIST WOMEN'S ATTACK ON TRADITIONAL VALUES: MARRIAGE, FAMILY, AND THE HOME
    • 8. THE SOCIALIST WOMEN AND THE SEX STRUGGLE
    • 9. CULTURAL REVOLUTION WITHIN THE SOCIALIST PARTY
    • 10. PORTENT OF DISASTER: THE SOCIALIST WOMAN AND SPECIAL PROTECTIVE LEGISLATION
    • 11. THE ACHIEVEMENTS AND FAILURES OF THE SOCIALIST WOMEN
    • 12. CRYSTAL EASTMAN AND THE DIVORCE OF SOCIALISM AND FEMINISM
    • 13. KATE RICHARDS O'HARE AS A SOCIALIST-FEMINIST
    • 14. O'HARE AS ANTI-WAR ACTIVIST AND POLITICAL PRISONER
    • 15. SOCIALISM AND GENDER INEQUALITY IN ONE COMMUNITY: O'HARE, LLANO COMMUNITY, AND THE END OF SOCIALIST FEMINISM
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Clifton C. Hawkins

       I received my Ph.D. in US History from UC Davis in 2000. My research focused on radical social movements in the US from 1877-1929—the liberation struggles of workers, women, Afro-Americans, dissident intellectuals, and bohemians. The central questions that engaged me, and the people and organizations I studied, concerned the relationships between various aspects of the liberation struggle. To what extent could any particular group achieve meaningful freedom by organizing on relatively narrow grounds for its own liberation? Was perhaps a total revolution, involving class, race, gender, and cultural issues, necessary for the achievement of any real progress? This issue bedevils progressives today.

     In the course of my research, I uncovered some magnificent but little-known people, publications, and organizations, and proposed strikingly new interpretations of better-known ones. Most of this research did not make it into my dissertation, but I have always thought that these chapters—short books, really—might interest historians, teachers, and radicals who care about these issues.

    I am also putting online rough drafts of my class lectures particularly relevant for these writings. Finally, I will post more recent essays on a variety of topics.
  ©2018 - 2019  Clifton C. Hawkins, Ph.D.